Citizenship vs. Naturalization: What's the Difference?

In the world of U.S. immigration, the terms "citizenship" and "naturalization" are often used together, leading to a common question: Are they the same thing? While they are closely related, they are not interchangeable. Understanding the distinction can help you understand your journey within the U.S. immigration system.

Think of it this way: Citizenship is the status, while naturalization is one of the paths to get there.

This article breaks down the precise meanings of each term, who they apply to, and why it’s important to know the difference.

What is U.S. Citizenship?

U.S. citizenship is the highest status a person can hold under U.S. law. It grants a person all the rights, freedoms, and responsibilities protected by the U.S.Constitution.

These rights include:

• The right to vote in federal, state, and local elections.
• The right to run for public office (with some exceptions).
• The ability to travel with a U.S. passport.
• Eligibility for employment by the federal government. 
• Protection from deportation.

How Do You Get Citizenship?

There are two primary ways a person can become a U.S. citizen:

What is Naturalization?

Naturalization is the legal process by which a foreign citizen or national, who is a Lawful Permanent Resident (Green Card holder), can become a U.S. citizen.

This is the path taken by immigrants who were not U.S. citizens at birth. As defined by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), naturalization is the way a person voluntarily becomes a U.S. citizen.

The naturalization process is a formal application that involves several steps, including:

• Meeting Eligibility Requirements: This includes being at least 18, being a Lawful Permanent Resident for a set period (typically 3 or 5 years), and meeting continuous residence and physical presence requirements.
• Filing Form N-400: This is the official "Application for Naturalization."
• Biometrics: Providing fingerprints.
• Interview: Attending an interview with a USCIS officer to review the application.
• Civics and English Tests: Passing an exam on U.S. history and government. Learn more here!
• Oath of Allegiance: The final step is attending a ceremony and taking the Oath of Allegiance to the United States.

A Note on Dual Citizenship

A common question for those considering the path of naturalization is, "Do I have to give up my current citizenship?"

There are two points to understand:

• The U.S. Position: The United States does allow for dual citizenship. This means that when you apply for naturalization, the U.S. government does not require you to formally give up your home country's passport or citizenship.
• Your Home Country's Position: However, not all countries allow for dual citizenship. Some countries will automatically revoke your original citizenship the moment you voluntarily become a U.S. citizen.

Before deciding to apply for naturalization, it is essential to check your home country’s laws to understand if you will be permitted to hold both citizenships.

Key Differences: Citizenship vs. Naturalization

‍

‍

The Most Important Takeaway

You cannot have naturalization without citizenship, but you can have citizenship without naturalization.

If you are a citizen because you were born in the U.S. or to U.S. citizen parents, you never need to be "naturalized." You are already a citizen.

If you are an immigrant and a Green Card holder, naturalization is the name of the journey you take to achieve the goal of citizenship. Once you successfully complete the naturalization process and take the Oath, you are officially a U.S. citizen with all the same rights and responsibilities as a person who was a citizen from birth (with the one exception of being eligible to run for President).